Hormones & diabetes

Diabetic Retinopathy: Eye Problems From Diabetes Explained

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Diabetic retinopathy is damage to tiny blood vessels in the retina caused by chronically high blood sugar. It often causes no symptoms in early stages, which is why people with diabetes need a dilated eye exam at least once a year — catching damage before vision is affected is the key to preventing vision loss.

Last updated: July 2026History

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What is diabetic retinopathy and why does it happen?

The retina — the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye — depends on a dense network of small blood vessels. When blood sugar stays elevated over time, these vessels can weaken, swell, leak fluid, or grow abnormally into the retina. That process is diabetic retinopathy.

It is the leading cause of new blindness in working-age adults in the United States, yet it is also highly preventable when caught early. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes carry this risk, and duration of diabetes and degree of blood sugar control are among the strongest predictors of whether and how quickly retinopathy develops 12.

What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy?

Diabetic retinopathy progresses through broadly recognized stages 12:

Non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) — early and moderate stages in which small blood vessels leak or become blocked. Many people have no noticeable symptoms at this stage.

Severe non-proliferative retinopathy — more vessels are blocked, signaling the retina to grow new ones.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) — new, fragile blood vessels grow on the retina's surface. These can bleed into the vitreous (the clear gel filling the eye), cause scar tissue, and in severe cases lead to retinal detachment.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) — fluid leaks into the central part of the retina (the macula), which is responsible for sharp, detailed vision. DME can occur at any stage and is a common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes.

What symptoms should I watch for?

Early diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms at all. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

  • Blurry or fluctuating vision
  • Dark spots, strings, or floaters in the field of vision
  • Difficulty seeing colors or seeing in low light
  • A dark or empty area in the center of vision (often from macular edema)

Sudden vision loss, a curtain or shadow across vision, or a significant increase in floaters are warning signs that require urgent evaluation — do not wait for a scheduled appointment.

How often should someone with diabetes get an eye exam?

Frequency depends on the type of diabetes and whether retinopathy has already been detected 13:

SituationRecommended frequency
Type 1 diabetes, no retinopathyWithin 5 years of diagnosis, then yearly
Type 2 diabetesAt or shortly after diagnosis, then yearly
Mild retinopathy presentEvery 6–12 months depending on severity
Severe or proliferative retinopathyMore frequently, as directed by eye specialist
Pregnancy with pre-existing diabetesBefore conception or in first trimester, then each trimester

These exams are dilated fundus exams — the pupil is widened with drops so the doctor can see the full retina. Photographs of the retina (retinal imaging) are increasingly used as a complement or alternative in certain settings.

The eye specialist you'll be referred to is typically an ophthalmologist — a medical doctor specializing in eye disease — sometimes a retinal specialist for more advanced cases. Gale can help you prepare for that visit and ensure your diabetes records are shared with the eye team.

Does good blood sugar control actually make a difference?

Yes, substantially. The ADA Standards of Care 2024 consistently emphasize that intensive blood glucose control reduces the risk of developing retinopathy and slows its progression in people who already have it 3. Blood pressure control is equally important — high blood pressure accelerates vessel damage in the retina.

Other factors that support eye health in diabetes: - Reaching and maintaining your clinician's individualized A1c target - Controlling cholesterol and blood pressure - Not smoking - Attending all scheduled eye exams, even when vision feels normal

What treatments are available?

Early retinopathy often requires only monitoring and optimizing blood sugar and blood pressure control. When retinopathy is more advanced, eye specialists have effective options 12:

Anti-VEGF injections — medications injected into the eye that block the growth of abnormal blood vessels. They are currently the mainstay treatment for diabetic macular edema and some forms of proliferative retinopathy.

Laser photocoagulation — a focused laser seals leaking vessels or destroys areas of the peripheral retina to reduce the drive for abnormal vessel growth. Used less often than in the past but still valuable in certain situations.

Vitrectomy — a surgical procedure to remove blood or scar tissue from the vitreous when other treatments cannot address the damage.

All of these are performed by an ophthalmologist. Early detection is the single most important factor in keeping treatment simpler and outcomes better.

Common questions

Very mild early changes sometimes improve with tight blood sugar control, but more advanced stages are not fully reversible. The goal is to prevent progression. Treatments like anti-VEGF injections can stabilize or improve vision in diabetic macular edema, but they do not restore fully normal retinal tissue.

A dilated eye exam for diabetic retinopathy is performed by an ophthalmologist or optometrist who has the equipment to examine the retina properly. Your primary care clinician at Gale can order or coordinate the referral, but the specialized eye exam itself requires an eye care professional.

Yes. Diabetic retinopathy can be significantly advanced before you notice any change in vision. By the time symptoms appear, vision-threatening damage may already have occurred. Annual exams catch changes while treatment is most effective.

Glasses correct refractive errors (blurriness caused by the shape of the eye), but not the retinal damage from diabetic retinopathy. If your vision fluctuates with blood sugar levels, a new glasses prescription may help temporarily, but treating the underlying retinopathy is the priority.

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When to seek urgent eye care

  • —Sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes
  • —A curtain, shadow, or dark area spreading across your vision
  • —A sudden large increase in floaters or seeing flashing lights
  • —Eye pain, especially if accompanied by nausea or redness

These symptoms may indicate bleeding in the eye, retinal detachment, or acute glaucoma. Call your eye doctor immediately or go to an emergency room — do not wait for a routine appointment.

This article provides general health education and does not replace personalized medical advice. Treatment decisions for diabetic retinopathy should be made with a qualified ophthalmologist who can examine your eyes directly.

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References

  1. 1.Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, Fawzi A, Lim JI, Vemulakonda GA, Ying GS (2020). Diabetic Retinopathy Preferred Practice Pattern. Ophthalmology. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.025 ✓Staging of diabetic retinopathy, treatment options (anti-VEGF, laser, vitrectomy), and screening intervals by severity
  2. 2.National Eye Institute (2023). Diabetic Retinopathy. National Eye Institute (NEI/NIH). link ✓Overview of stages, symptoms, and the role of blood sugar and blood pressure control in prevention and progression
  3. 3.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. doi:10.2337/dc24-SINT ✓Eye exam frequency recommendations for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, role of A1c and blood pressure control in retinopathy prevention

3 sources, numbered by first appearance. General health information, not medical advice. AI-assisted editorial content — every citation independently verified. Editorial policy

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